Brittle, peeling nails can be both a cosmetic concern and a sign of underlying health issues. Healthy nails are strong, smooth, and flexible, but when nails become weak, they may crack, split, or peel. While occasional breakage is common, consistently brittle or peeling nails often point to specific causes. Understanding what leads to this condition and how to treat it can help you restore your nails’ health and strength.
Common Causes of Brittle and Peeling Nails
Several factors can contribute to nails becoming brittle or prone to peeling. These causes can be external (environmental or lifestyle-related) or internal (linked to nutrition or health conditions).
Frequent Exposure to Water
Repeatedly soaking your hands in water can weaken nails over time. When nails absorb water, they swell and then shrink as they dry, leading to brittleness and peeling. People who wash dishes frequently, swim regularly, or work in occupations where their hands are often wet (like healthcare or cleaning) are especially prone to this issue.
Harsh Chemicals
Exposure to cleaning agents, detergents, and certain nail products can damage nails, making them brittle. Acetone-based nail polish removers, harsh soaps, and other chemicals can strip nails of their natural oils, causing them to dry out and weaken.
Nutritional Deficiencies
A lack of certain vitamins and minerals can affect nail health:
- Iron deficiency (anemia): Low iron levels are a common cause of brittle, ridged nails. Anemia reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the nail beds, leading to poor nail growth and weak structure.
- Biotin deficiency: Biotin (a B vitamin) is essential for healthy nail growth. A deficiency can cause nails to become fragile and prone to peeling.
- Low calcium or magnesium levels: Both of these minerals play a role in nail strength and health.
Dehydration
When the body is dehydrated, nails can become dry and brittle, making them more likely to peel or break. Adequate hydration is important for maintaining the moisture balance in both skin and nails.
Overuse of Nail Hardeners
While nail hardeners may seem like a good solution for brittle nails, excessive use can have the opposite effect. Many hardeners contain formaldehyde, which can make nails brittle and more prone to breaking or peeling over time.
Medical Conditions
Certain health conditions can cause changes in nail texture and strength:
- Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can both cause nail issues, including brittleness and peeling.
- Psoriasis: This autoimmune skin condition can affect nails, leading to pitting, thickening, and separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.
- Fungal infections: Fungal infections can weaken nails, causing them to become discolored, brittle, and prone to splitting or peeling.
Aging
As we age, our nails naturally become thinner and more brittle due to a decrease in the production of natural oils and slower cell regeneration. Older adults are more likely to experience issues like peeling and cracking.
Environmental Factors
Cold, dry weather can sap moisture from the nails, leading to peeling and breakage. Similarly, frequent changes in temperature or exposure to dry air (such as indoor heating) can also contribute to brittle nails.
Treatment for Brittle and Peeling Nails
If your nails are consistently brittle and peeling, treating the underlying cause is the key to improving their health. Here are some effective strategies for restoring nail strength:
Moisturize Regularly
Nails, like skin, need moisture to stay healthy. Applying a moisturizing lotion or cream to your hands and nails—especially after washing them—can help keep them hydrated. Products containing ingredients like glycerin, shea butter, or lanolin are effective. Additionally, using a cuticle oil or vitamin E oil can help nourish the nail bed and prevent peeling.
Limit Water Exposure
Minimize the time your nails spend in water, especially hot water, which can be particularly drying. When washing dishes or cleaning, wear rubber gloves to protect your nails. If you swim regularly, consider applying a protective nail treatment or wearing swim gloves.
Use Gentle Nail Products
Avoid harsh nail treatments and products that contain acetone, formaldehyde, or other drying chemicals. Opt for acetone-free nail polish removers and nail polishes that are labeled as strengthening or hydrating. If you use nail polish frequently, give your nails a break by going polish-free every few weeks.
Take Supplements
If you suspect a nutritional deficiency, consider supplements to support nail health:
- Biotin: Biotin supplements are known to promote nail strength and reduce brittleness. Studies suggest that biotin can improve nail thickness and decrease splitting over time.
- Iron: If an iron deficiency is contributing to weak nails, increasing iron intake through diet (leafy greens, lean meats, beans) or supplements can be helpful.
- Multivitamins: A balanced multivitamin with adequate calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D can support overall nail health.
Stay Hydrated
Make sure you’re drinking plenty of water throughout the day to keep your nails and skin hydrated. Aim for at least eight glasses of water daily, and more if you’re active or live in a dry climate.
Trim and File Nails Regularly
Regular trimming helps prevent nails from breaking or peeling. Keep your nails short and file them in one direction with a fine-grit nail file to avoid further splitting. Round the edges to prevent snagging and breakage.
Consider Medical Treatment
If you suspect an underlying medical condition like a thyroid disorder or fungal infection, consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment. For fungal infections, antifungal medications (oral or topical) may be prescribed. If a systemic health issue like hypothyroidism is the cause, treating the condition can often improve nail health over time.
Preventing Brittle and Peeling Nails
Preventing brittle and peeling nails is often about maintaining good nail hygiene and making small lifestyle adjustments. Here are some prevention tips:
- Moisturize nails and cuticles daily: Regularly applying a moisturizing product can keep your nails flexible and strong.
- Wear gloves during chores: Protect your nails from water and chemicals by wearing gloves when cleaning or washing dishes.
- Avoid biting your nails: Nail-biting weakens nails and can introduce bacteria, leading to further damage or infection.
- Choose gentle nail treatments: Opt for non-toxic nail polish and avoid excessive use of nail hardeners that contain formaldehyde.
- Eat a balanced diet: Ensure your diet includes plenty of nutrients like biotin, iron, and protein to support healthy nail growth.
Conclusion
Brittle, peeling nails can be frustrating, but they often have clear causes and can be effectively treated with the right care and attention. Identifying the root cause—whether it’s frequent water exposure, a nutritional deficiency, or an underlying health condition—is key to restoring nail strength. By making a few lifestyle adjustments and prioritizing nail care, you can improve the appearance and health of your nails over time. If the problem persists or worsens, it’s always a good idea to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation.
READ MORE: Can Nail Psoriasis Be Cured? 4 Best Nail Psoriasis Treatment Options
Sources:
https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/a42028654/peeling-nails/
https://www.sinclairdermatology.com.au/explainer-whats-the-deal-with-acetone-nail-polish-remover-and-is-it-bad-for-your-nails/#:~:text=Acetone%20exposure%20can%20cause%20your,%2C%20peeling%2C%20bleeding).%E2%80%9D
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322321